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dx13.co.uk , a blog by mike rhodes archives apps colophon what is docker? 20 jun, 2018 • filed under: docker when i first came across docker a few years ago, probably late 2014, so a year after it was introduced at pycon during 2013, i found it a confusing concept. "like github, but for containers" was a phrase that i recall from that period, which i think ended up causing a lot of my confusion -- i conflated docker hub with docker the tool. since then, i've learned more about docker, particularly in the last year. i think that things started to click around a year ago, and over the past few months as i've looked further into kubernetes and written my own pieces of software destined for container deployment i've formed my own mental model of where docker fits into my world. this post is about my writing that down to understand its coherency. i tend towards understanding systems like this bottom-up, so let's start at the beginning, which is also conveniently the bottom. cgroups cgroups, or control groups to give them their full name, were introduced into the mainline linux kernel in 2.6.24, released in january 2008. what cgroups allow is for processes running on a system to be hierarchically grouped in such a way that various controls and boundaries can be applied to a process hierarchy. cgroups are a necessary but not sufficient part of a container solution, and they are also used for lots of things other than containers. systemd, for example, uses cgroups when defining resource limits on the processes it manages . like many things within the linux kernel, cgroups are exposed within the file hierarchy. a system administrator writes and reads from files within the mounted cgroups filesystem to define cgroups and their properties. a process is added to a cgroup by writing its pid to a file within the cgroups hierarchy; the process is automatically removed from its previous cgroup. overall, cgroups provide docker with a simple(ish) way to control the resources a process hierarchy uses (like cpu) and has access to (like networks and part of the filesystem). cgroups provide control of various resources, but the main ones to consider for docker containers are: cpu controller -- using cpu shares , cpu time can be divided up between processes to ensure a process gets a share of cpu time to run in. memory controller -- a process can be given its own chunk of memory which has a hard limit on its size. from this, it's relatively easy to see how docker can assign resources to a container -- put the process running within in the container in a cgroup and set up the resource constraints for it. beyond controlling scarce resources like cpu and memory, cgroups provide a way to assign a namespace to a process. namespaces are the next piece of the puzzle and we move to them next. kernel namespaces putting a process within a namespace is a means to define what the process has access to. a namespace is the boundary, whereas cgroups is the control plane that puts a process within the namespace's boundary. also in 2.6.24 came the core of network namespaces. this and future patchsets enable processes to be presented with their own view of the network stack, covering network functions such as interfaces, routing tables and so on. the wikipedia article on kernel namespaces has a list of the current resources that can be isolated using namespaces . we can form a basic view of how containers are run by docker (and any other container management software) using just a couple of these: the mount (mnt) namespace the network (net) namespace things like the pid and user namespaces provide extra isolation, but i'm not going to cover them here. i confess here i'm making some guesses as to what's going on, but the mental model has served me okay so i'll reproduce it here. broadly i consider these two namespaces to be the basis of docker's ability to run what amounts to "pre-packaged" software. mount mount namespaces define what the filesystem looks like to the process running within the namespace. so different processes can see entirely different views of the filesystem. my general assumption here is that docker is using mnt namespaces to provide the running container with a unique view of the filesystem, both its own "root image" that we'll talk about later and the parts of the host filesystem mounted into the running container using the --mount option. network as net namespaces provide processes with a custom view of the network stack and provide ways for processes in different namespaces to poke holes to each other via the network, i assume this is the basis for docker's bridge network type which sets up a private network between processes running in containers. when one runs a container with the host network type, my basic layman's assumption is that the container's process is not placed within its own network namespace (or it lives within the default namespace). union filesystems a union filesystem essentially takes several filesystem images and layers them on top of each other. images "above" override values from images "below". for any file read, the union filesystem traverses the image stack from top to bottom and returns the file content from the first image containing the file. for writes, either the write just fails (for a read-only union filesystem) or the write goes to the top-most layer. often this top-most layer is initially an empty image created specifically for the writes of files to the mounted union filesystem. an important point to note is that two or more mounted union i filesystems can share images, meaning that two union filesystems could have, say, the first five images in their respective stacks shared but each with different images stacked on top to provide very different resultant filesystems. docker images and layers when running a docker container, one specifies an image to "run" via a command like: docker run couchdb the couchdb part of this command specifies the image to download. i find the naming gets a bit confusing here, because essentially the "image" is actually a pointer to the top image of a stack of images which together form the union filesystem that ends up being the root filesystem of the running container. while the above command reads "run the couchdb container", it's really more like "create and start a new container using the couchdb image as the base image for the container". in fact, the docker run documentation describes this as: the docker run command must specify an image to derive the container from. the word derive is key here. by my understanding, docker adds a further image to the top of the stack which is where writes that the running container makes are written to. this image is saved under the name of the newly started container, and persists after the container is stopped under the container's name. this is what allows docker to essentially stop and start containers while maintaining the files changed within the container -- behind the scenes it's managing an image used as the top image on the container's union filesystem. docker calls the images that stack up to form the union filesystem "layers" and the ordered collection of layers an "image". this concept is key to how dockerfiles work -- at a first approximation, each line in a docker file adds a new image to the image stack used as the base image for a container. so, for example, a command that runs apt to install software creates a new image containing the changes to the filesystem made while installing the software. it's also obvious how this allows for dockerfile from lines to work -- it just points back to the image at the top of the stack and then further dockerfile commands layer more images onto that stack to form a new docker image. in addition, the fact that a union filesystem is able to share images at the lower levels means that docker is able to share lower level base images across many containers but only ever have a single copy on disk. these base images

URL analysis for dx13.co.uk

https://dx13.co.uk/articles/2015/10/19/couchdb-20s-read-and-write-behaviour-in-a-cluster.html
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/date
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/couchdb
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/performance
https://dx13.co.uk/apps/index.html
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/security
https://dx13.co.uk/articles/2017/10/20/avoiding-cloudants-http-sirens-call.html
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/docker
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/replication
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/apple
https://dx13.co.uk/programs/index.html
https://dx13.co.uk/articles/2017/11/7/cloudant-replication-topologies-and-failover.html
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag/cloudant
https://dx13.co.uk/articles/2018/6/20/what-is-docker.html
https://dx13.co.uk/archives/tag

Whois Information

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Domain name:
dx13.co.uk

Registrant:
Michael Rhodes

Registrant type:
UK Individual

Registrant's address:
27 Briavels Grove
Bristol
Bristol
BS6 5JJ
United Kingdom

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 29-Jul-2017

Registrar:
TUCOWS Inc t/a TUCOWS [Tag = TUCOWS-CA]
URL: http://www.tucowsdomains.com

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 14-Jun-2001
Expiry date: 14-Jun-2020
Last updated: 29-Jul-2017

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns1.hover.com
ns2.hover.com

WHOIS lookup made at 11:54:50 03-Nov-2017

--
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:

Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.

You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER co.uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS dx13.co.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION Michael Rhodes

TYPE
UK Individual

ADDRESS
27 Briavels Grove
Bristol
Bristol
BS6 5JJ
United Kingdom
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 29-Jul-2017

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR TUCOWS Inc t/a TUCOWS [Tag = TUCOWS-CA]

  CREATED 2001-06-14

  CHANGED 2017-07-29

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS1.HOVER.COM 216.40.47.26

  NS2.HOVER.COM 64.98.148.13

  NAME dx13.co.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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